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Amazon.com
• Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions by Lisa Randall

Archive.org, Audio: Search String Theory
• The Great String Theory Debate: Brian Greene and Lawrence Krauss Federico Pistono
• String Theory (Groks Science Show) Charles Lee and Frank Ling

Autotheist's Corner - Advanced Physics Made Simple:
• Black Holes, Cosmology, General Relativity, Special Relativity, Standard Model

Berkeley Cosmology Group - Links, Education Outreach:
• FAQs - Black Holes FAQ, What is Cosmology?
• On-Line Demos
• Remote Access Astronomy

Black Holes and Mysteries of the Cosmos (geocities.com) chats, essays, Links, Search
Cambridge Cosmology (see U Cambridge below for extended links)
Cornell U, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Superstring Theory

The Cosmic Microwave Background, Douglas Scott, U British Columbia, Astronomy & Astrophysics

The Cosmological Constant evolution, Links, references, relativity: by Eli Michael, U Colorado, Boulder
Cosmology: The Study of the Universe from NASA
Cosmology 3 from Telescopes & Astronomy, Astralia

CMB Astrophysics Research Program ( L Berkeley National Lab ), Smoot Group Education, Outreach
• Active Galactic Nuclei
    º nuclei (of some galaxies) that outshine the entire galaxy, powered by supermassive black holes
• Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) relic radiation from the Big Bang
• Formation of the Elements
    º In the beginning....
    º Formation of the High Mass Elements (a/k/a What Happens Inside a Star)
• Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry in the Universe
• Potential Software Projects for CS students

iCosmos.co.uk cosmology calculator: comoving distance, angular diameter distance, luminosity distance, comoving volume, age of the universe, perturbation growth factor

Institute for Strings, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Cornell U
• News
• People
    º Brian Greene co-director

John H. Schwarz, Caltech Particle Theory
• The Second Superstring Revolution

John Huchra's Website

Level 5 knowledgebase for extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology, About, Links, Search
• Author Index
• Lexicon and Glossary of Terms
• Images, Catalogs & Atlases
• Spectroscopy

Los Alamos National Laboratory - e-Print archive

Martin White's Online Publications ( Astronomy Dept, U California, Berkely)
• Big Bang
• Cosmic Rosetta Stone
• Dark Matter
• from Gamow to COBE
• Polarization Primer (Cosmic Microwave Background)

NASA, Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) - Cosmology, Outreach: Universe: Cosmology 101:
• Big Bang Theory, Concepts
• Big Bang Tests - Cosmic Micrwaves, Expansion, Light Elements
• Beyond Big Bang - Fluctuations, Fine Tuning, Inflation Theory, Structures
• Our Universe - Age, Cosmological Constant, Expansion, Fate, Shape, Matter
• Related Topics - First Objects, Life and Death of Stars, Milky Way Galaxy

NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database, Intro, Links, Search
• Advanced All-Sky Search For Objects By Parameters
• Calculators: Coordinate & Galactic Extinction, Velocity Correction
• Images & Maps
• Level 5 Knowledgebase
• Search: Redshifts, Text

Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial: UCLA, FAQ
• Part 1: Observations of Global Properties
• Part 2: Homogeneity and Isotropy; Many Distances; Scale Factor
• Part 3: Spatial Curvature; Flatness-Oldness; Horizon
• Part 4: Inflation; Anisotropy and Inhomogeneity

Origin and Development of the Universe from NASA Remote Sensing Tutorial
Professor Stephen Hawking's website - bio, Glossary, Links, physics colloquiums, public lectures
Qozi.com, Astronomy - Cosmology (Links)
The Scale of the Universe

The Second Superstring Revolution by John Schwarz, Caltech - Particle Theory
• Introduction - Resolution of Contradictions
• Supersymmetry
• Brief History of Superstrings - Strong Nuclear Force, Unification, First Revolution
• Basic Ideas of Superstring Theory - Perturbation, Extra Dimensions, Theory of Everything?
• Second Superstring Revolution - One Theory!, T Duality, S Duality, M Theory, D-Branes
• Conclusions

String Theory and the Unification of Forces
•by Sunil Mukhi, Dept Theoretical Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

String Theory Web Site, Links - Cosmology
• How Old is the Universe?
• What is the Structure of the Universe?
• Take a Trip through the Big Bang
• Before the Big Bang

Sunil Mukhi
• String Theory and the Unification of Forces

Superstrings! - Glossary, Links, Tutorial
• Basics
• Black Holes
• D-branes
• Duality
• Extra Dimensions
• M-theory
• Super(symmetric)Strings
• Why Strings?
• Summary

SuperStringtheory.com, Forums Index, Links
• Black Holes, Cosmology, Relativity, Time & Causality
• Einstein, Hawking
• Geometry, Topology
• Mystics & Metaphysics, Philosophy of Physics, Science & Religion, Science & Society
• Physics Education, Questions & Answers


U Cambridge - DAMTP, Relativity & Gravitation Group - Cosmology
• Big Bang, Cosmic Strings, Inflation, Quantum gravity
• Black Holes - Introduction, Observational evidence and Critical Phenomena
• Cosmic Background Radiation - Origin of Fluctuations, Primeval Fireball, Edge Ripples, Temperature
• Galaxies & clusters - Clusters and [Large-scale: Origin], Milky Way, Spiral and Elliptical, Dark Matter
• Quantum Gravity - Quantum Cosmology, M-theory (Strings), and the Holographic Principle

U Colorado, Boulder, CASA: ASTR 5720-001: Galaxies & Cosmology; ASTR 3740: Relativity & Cosmology
• Andrew Hamilton - publications
• Falling in a Black Hole
• Links - Cosmology, Relativity & Black Hole
• Tour of Special Relativity

U Oregon: Astronomy 123 Cosmology and the Origin of Life
View from the center of the Universe book promotion site

Wikipedia: Cosmology, Physical cosmology
    º Category:Cosmology
    º Category:String theory
    º Category:Stellar evolution
    º Category:Astronomy timelines
    º Timeline of the Big Bang
    º Timeline of black hole physics
    º Timeline of cosmic microwave background astronomy
    º Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
• Acceleration
• Accelerating universe
• Age of the universe
• Anthropic principle
• Astrophysics
• Big Bang
    º Big Bang nucleosynthesis
    º Timeline of the Big Bang
• Black body
• Bondi, Hermann
• Celestial mechanics
• Cellular automaton
• Chaos
• Chaotic Inflation theory
• Complex systems
• Copernican Principle our place in this Universe is not central or favored
• Cosmic distance ladder (standard candle)
• Cosmic microwave background radiation
• Cosmogony
• Cosmological argument
• Cosmological constant
• Cosmological principle in all space our Universe's large scale properties & physical laws are the same, implies homogeneity & isotropy
    º Perfect cosmological principle extends cosmological principle to both space & time
• Cosmology
    º Non-standard cosmology
    º Observational cosmology
    º Physical cosmology
• Cosmos
• de Sitter, Willem (1872-1934) co-authored paper Einstein in 1932 which argued there may be large amounts of dark matter
    º de Sitter invariant special relativity
    º de Sitter space
    º de Sitter universe
• Dark energy
• Dark matter
• Distance measures (cosmology)
    º Cepheid variables pulsating variable stars, standard candles, foundation of the Extragalactic Distance Scale
    º Cosmic distance ladder
    º Distance modulus
    º Parallax
    º Tip of the red giant branch distance indicator using luminosity of brightest red giant branch stars in a galaxy to gauge the galaxy's distance
    º Triangulation
• Doppler effect
• Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)
• Homogeneity (physics)
• Hoyle, Fred (1915-2001)
• Elementary particle
• Energy
• Eras: phases of the known universe
    º Dark Energy Dominated Era 5 billion years A.B. (After the Big Bang)
    º Matter-Dominated Era 70,000 years A.B.
    º Radiation-Dominated Era
• Evolution
• Fine-tuned Universe
• Flatness problem
• Force
• Friedmann, Alexander (1888-1925)
    º Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric solution of Einstein's field equations implying Big Bang
• Fundamental interaction (fundamental forces)
• Galaxy, Galaxy formation and evolution
• Gold, Thomas
• Grand unification epoch
• Grand Unified Theory
• Gravitation
    º Gravitational field
    º Gravitational lens
    º Gravitational redshift
    º Gravitational well
    º Quantum gravity
• Guth, Alan (1947-) originator of inflation theory
• Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
    º Instability strip
    º Stellar birthline
    º Turnoff point
• Hubble, Edwin (1889-1953)
    º Hubble's law
• Inflation (cosmology)
    º Chaotic inflation theory
    º Inflationary epoch
• Intelligent design
• Isotropy
• Khvolson, Orest (1852-1934)gravitational lense
• Large-scale structure of the cosmos
• Lemaitre, Georges (1894-1966) 1927 primeval atom (Big Bang) solution to Einstein's field equations independent of Friedmann
• Levi-Civita, Tullio (1873-1941)
• Lyman alpha blob
• Mass
• Mathematical universe hypothesis
• Matter
• Mediocrity principle our place in this Universe is average
• Metric expansion of space
• Hermann Minkowski (1864-1909)
    º Minkowski space
• Morse, Marston (1892-1977)
    º Morse theory
• Multiverse
• Natural selection
• Non-standard cosmology
• Nucleosynthesis
    º Big Bang nucleosynthesis
    º Cosmic ray spallation
    º Stellar nucleosynthesis
• Observable universe
• Observational cosmology
• Particle physics
    º Standard Model
• Perfect Cosmological Principle
• Physical cosmology
• Planck scale
• Planck time
• Plasma (physics)
• Plenitude principle everything that can happen will happen
• Principles
    º Anthropic principle our Universe must be compatible with conscious life
    º Copernican Principle our place in this Universe is not central or favored
    º Cosmological principle in all space our Universe's large scale properties & physical laws are the same, implies homogeneity & isotropy
    º Mediocrity principle our place in this Universe is average
    º Perfect cosmological principle extends cosmological principle to both space & time
    º Plenitude principle everything that can happen will happen
• Quantum mechanics
• Quantum gravity
• Randomness
• Redshift
    º Cosmological redshift - due to the expansion of space (not observed within the Local Group of galaxies due to gravitational effects overwhelming expansion tendency)
    º Doppler effect due to objects moving through space
    º Gravitational redshift due to loss of energy in escaping a gravitational field
• Relativity, Theory of
    º General Relativity, History of general relativity
    º Special relativity, History of special relativity
• Robertson, Howard Percy (1903-1961)
• Shape of the universe
• Spacetime
• Static universe
• Steady State theory
• Stellar nucleosynthesis
• String theory
    º Bosonic string theory
    º Superstring theory (supersymmetric string theory)
• Structure formation
• Supersymmetry
• Tegmark, Max (1967-) mathematical argument for the multiverse
    º Mathematical universe hypothesis
• Theology
• Theory of everything
• Thomson scattering theorized reason for opaqueness of the Big Bang plasma phase & linear polarization of cosmic microwave background radiation
• Timeline of cosmology
• Tired light
• Universe
• Vacuum energy
• Walker, Arthur Geoffrey (1909-2001)
• Wolff, Christian (philosopher) (1679-1754)
• Wolfram, Stephen (1959-)
    º A New Kind of Science ( Online Book) at WolframScience.com
• Work (physics), Work (thermodynamics)
• Zero-energy Universe

Wright Center for Innovative Science Education Tufts U
• Classroom Activities and resources
    º Cosmic Evolution


Hubble's Law)

CLEA Project: Overview of Available Software from Gettysburg College, Physics
• General Technical User's Manual (pdf) REQUIRED
• Hubble RedShift-Distance Relation

Cornell U, Astonomy ( Resources, Ask an Astronomer )
• Astronomy 201: Our Home in the Universe ( Links )
    º Hubble's Law

Hubble's Law and the Expansion of the Universe


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